Background Artificial rainfall simulation offers the advantages of eliminating extraneous factors, reducing test durations, overcoming site limitations, expediting rainwater infiltration, and facilitating customization of rain intensity and slope for experimental conditions. This method saves time and effort by meeting specific research needs efficiently. Through designing modifications of rainfall simulation devices, various types of rainfall can be effectively controlled to streamline experiments as per specific requirements.

Methods Reviewing existing literatures on artificial rainfall simulation devices, this study categorized domestic and international devices into indoor and outdoor types. Outdoor simulators were further classified into fixed and portable variants, based on mobility, including derrick and ceiling simulators. Indoor simulators were categorized by nozzle types, necessity of rainfall halls, and control methods. Evaluation criteria such as rainfall intensity and uniformity were proposed to gauge device accuracy.

Results Outdoor simulators were categorized as fixed or portable, including derrick and ceiling models, while indoor simulators were classified based on nozzle types, need for rainfall halls and control methods. Proposed evaluation criteria aid in assessing device accuracy. Detailed comparison and analysis identified existing functions and applications, proposing solutions to address shortcomings. Suggestions for future development aimed to expand device functionalities and applications, broadening their utility across various research fields. Statistical analysis revealed artificial rainfall experiments in China were primarily conducted in universities, research institutes, experimental stations, and administrative units.

Conclusions Summarizing domestic and international artificial rainfall simulation device literature, this study proposed evaluation criteria and provided thorough analysis of functions and applications. Suggestions for future development aimed to address existing deficiencies, facilitating device improvement and wider adoption across research domains.