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    1990—2021年青海湖流域土地利用转型的生态效应

    Ecological effects of land use transition in the Qinghai Lake Basin from 1990 to 2021

    • 摘要: 探究土地利用转型的生态效应,对于促进区域生态环境保护,优化土地资源配置及实现可持续高效利用具有重要现实意义;然而,在青海湖流域,该领域的研究尚待深入明确。本研究以青海湖流域为研究区,以1990、1996、2002、2009、2015和2021年共6期土地利用/覆被数据为基础,采用土地利用转移矩阵、生态环境质量指数以及土地利用转型的生态贡献率等分析方法,定量探究青海湖流域土地利用转型的特征及其对生态环境的影响。结果表明:1) 1990—2021年青海湖流域土地利用变化较为显著,水体面积总体增加196.81 km2,草地和湿地小幅增长;2) 流域内生态环境质量指数从1990年的0.4729上升至2021年的0.4774,整体生态质量向好发展,其中中质量区和高质量区面积逐渐扩大,低质量区的面积在减少; 3) 单一土地利用类型的变化对生态环境效应的整体变化仅具有有限的相关性。在青海湖流域内,尽管生态环境的改善与退化现象共存,但整体而言,改善的趋势超过退化的趋势。未利用地向草地、水体的积极转化成为推动生态环境质量提升的关键因素,显著促进了生态的正向发展。草地的增加可以有效固定土壤、减少地表径流、从而减少水土流失;湿地和水体的恢复和保护可以增强水土保持能力,通过增加土壤水分,提供生物栖息地,增加生物多样性。

       

      Abstract:
      Background Exploring the ecological and environmental effects of land use transformation holds significant practical importance for promoting regional ecological environmental protection, optimizing land resource allocation, and achieving sustainable and efficient land use. However, in the Qinghai Lake Basin, studies in this field still awaits further clarification and in-depth study.
      Methods This study has the Qinghai Lake Basin as the research area, and utilized land use/cover data from 1990, 1996, 2002, 2009, 2015 and 2021 (six periods in total). Using analytical methods such as the land use transition matrix, index of ecological environment quality, and ecological contribution rate of land use transformation, this study quantitatively explored the characteristics of land use transformation in the Qinghai Lake Basin and its impact on the ecological environment.
      Results 1) There was a significant change in land use in the Qinghai Lake Basin, with the total area of water bodies increasing by 196.81 km2, and slight growth in grasslands and wetlands. 2) The index of ecological environment quality of the basin increased from 0.4729 in 1990 to 0.4774 in 2021, indicating an overall improvement in ecological quality. Among them, the areas of moderate and high ecological quality were progressively expanding, while the area of low ecological quality was diminishing. 3) The change of single land use type had only limited correlation to the overall change of ecological environment effect.
      Conclusions In the Qinghai Lake basin, although improvements and deteriorations in the ecological environment coexist, the overall trend of the improvements surpasses that of the deteriorations. The positive transformation of wasteland into grassland and water bodies has been a key driver in enhancing the ecological quality, significantly promoting a positive development of the ecosystem. The increase in grassland effectively stabilizes soil, reduces surface run off, and thereby mitigates soil moisture. The restoration and conservation of wetlands and water bodies enhance water conservation capacity, increase soil moisture, provide habitats for biodiversity, and thereby contribute to increased biodiversity.

       

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