Abstract: This study focuses on the Datong River basin and employs statistical methods such as ordered clustering analysis, Pettitt test, wavelet analysis, and variation diagnosis to analyze the spatial distribution, interannual variations, intra-annual distribution, periodicity, and abrupt changes in water and sediment characteristics. Based on double cumulative curves, the quantitative assessment of the impact of climate factors and human activities on water and sediment changes is conducted. The results indicate:（1）The Datong River basin exhibits a noticeable trend towards warmer and wetter climate conditions. Upstream, there is a slight increase in sediment transport, but after the construction of large reservoirs, sediment transport sharply decreases. Downstream, there is a clear decreasing trend in water and sediment, with inclination rates of -0.68×108 m3/10a and -53.1×104 t/10a, respectively. Seasonally, summer runoff decreases, while winter and dry season runoff significantly increase, leading to a notable reduction in downstream summer sediment transport.（2）There are significant differences in water and sediment distribution across the region, and intra-annual distribution of sediment is uneven, with sediment transport being concentrated during certain periods. The abrupt changes in water and sediment do not occur synchronously, with downstream changes occurring earlier than upstream changes.（3）Water and sediment evolution exhibits characteristics at multiple time scales. Annual runoff shows significant periodic oscillations around a scale of 43 years,while sediment transport exhibits periodicity at around 39 years. The periodic features are more pronounced in runoff compared to sediment transport.（4）Climate change is identified as the primary driver for increased runoff in the basin, while human activities, mainly cross-basin water diversion and reservoir construction, are the driving factors for the reduction in water and sediment transport.