东北黑土区秸秆覆盖对缓坡耕地产流产沙及氮素流失的影响

王勇; 赵鹏飞; 李博容; 王旬; 韩兴

doi:10.16843/j.sswc.2025343

东北黑土区秸秆覆盖对缓坡耕地产流产沙及氮素流失的影响

Effects of straw mulching on runoff, soil erosion, and nitrogen loss on gentle slopes in the black soil region of Northeast China

摘要

摘要: ［目的］为研究东北黑土区缓坡耕地产流产沙和氮素流失特征，为东北黑土区耕地水土流失防控提供支撑。［方法］在吉林省长春市南关区青沟小流域水力侵蚀观测站布设6个径流小区，设置3°、6°、9°3种坡度梯度、采取常规顺坡垄作(玉米)和秸秆覆盖顺坡垄作(玉米)2种耕作模式，基于2024年5—9月发生产流产沙的监测数据，分析秸秆覆盖对坡耕地产流产沙以及氮素流失（总氮、硝态氮和氨态氮）特征的影响及相关性。［结果］1)径流、泥沙氮素流失量占总流失量的 56.15%、43.85%，径流中硝态氮、氨态氮流失量占总流失量的 53.32%、8.34%。2)随着坡度的增加，产流产沙量增加，径流和泥沙携带总氮和硝态氮的流失量也会增加，而氨态氮的变化规律不明显，在氮素浓度表现上与流失量一致。3)秸秆覆盖对产流产沙及氮素流失具有显著阻控作用，在3°、6°、9°坡度下，对径流阻控效率分别为 95.55%、89.37%、90.62%，对泥沙阻控效率分别为 95.56%、89.03%、99.95%。4)氮素流失量与产流产沙量均呈显著正相关，相关系数分别为 0.99*、0.96*，从产流情况来看，自然降雨条件下的径流产生主要与降雨量和次降雨间隔时间有关。［结论］不同坡度下实施秸秆覆盖可有效减少产流产沙及氮素流失量，但会导致径流的氮素浓度升高，坡耕地氮素流失量主要由产流产沙量决定。

Abstract: Background This study investigates soil erosion and nitrogen loss in gently sloping farmland in the black soil region of Northeast China, providing support for the prevention and control of farmland soil erosion in the area. Methods In the Qinggou small watershed in Nanguan District, Changchun City, Jilin Province, six runoff plots were established at the hydrological erosion observation station. Three slope gradients of 3°, 6°, and 9° were set, and two tillage practices were adopted: conventional downslope ridge tillage (corn) and downslope ridge tillage with straw mulch (corn). Based on monitoring data of runoff and sediment generation from May to September 2024, the study analyzed the effects and correlations of straw mulch on runoff, sediment yield on sloped farmland, and nitrogen loss (total nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, and ammonium nitrogen).Results 1) The loss of nitrogen in runoff and soil accounts for 56.15% and 43.85% of the total loss, respectively, while the loss of nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen in runoff accounts for 53.32% and 8.34% of the total loss, respectively. 2)As the slope increases, the loss of runoff, sediment, total nitrogen, and nitrate nitrogen also increases, while the change pattern of ammonium nitrogen is not obvious, with nitrogen concentrations showing trends consistent with the loss. 3) Straw cover has a significant inhibitory effect on runoff, soil loss, and nitrogen loss. At slopes of 3°, 6°, and 9°, the runoff control efficiency is 95.55%, 89.37%, and 90.62%, respectively, and the soil control efficiency is 95.56%, 89.03%, and 99.95%, respectively. 4) The loss of nitrogen is significantly positively correlated with the amount of runoff and soil, with correlation coefficients of 0.99* and 0.96*. From the perspective of runoff generation, runoff under natural rainfall conditions is mainly related to rainfall amount and the interval between rainfall events. Conclusions Implementing straw mulching on slopes with different gradients can effectively reduce runoff, soil loss, and nitrogen loss, but it may lead to an increase in the nitrogen concentration of the runoff. The nitrogen loss from sloped farmland is determined by the amount of runoff and soil loss.

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