Abstract: Land degradation in global arid regions is growing increasingly severe. Traditional physical and chemical sand-fixation technologies generally face limitations such as high costs and secondary pollution risks. With advantages including environmental friendliness and strong sustainability, microbe-mediated novel biological sand-fixation technologies have emerged as promising green restoration approaches. This paper systematically reviews the mechanisms and practical effectiveness of three mature and widely used microbe-related technologies: biological soil crusts (BSCs), microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP), and plant-microbe combined sand fixation. It provides a horizontal comparative analysis of their ecological adaptation ranges and objectively evaluates their technical limitations. Despite their remarkable sand-fixation outcomes, large-scale application still faces severe bottlenecks, including low microbial survival rates under extreme environments, colonization barriers in complex habitats, high mass-production costs, and the lack of full-chain technical standards and biosafety regulatory systems. In the future, key efforts should focus on exploring indigenous stress-resistant strains, developing low-cost mass-production technologies, and constructing synthetic microbial communities. Concurrently, relevant standards and regulatory mechanisms must be perfected to promote the large-scale engineering application of microbe-mediated technologies, thereby providing solid scientific support for global desertification control.