Abstract: Based on the definition of Soil and Water Conservation(SWC) in Chinese great encyclopedia·agriculture and Chinese great encyclopedia·water conservancy the concept and category of soil and water conservation science in China have been explained. The concept of SWC is the protection, improvement and rational use of water and land resources in the mountainous and windy - dusty areas. The category of the soil and water conservation science can be divided into law of soil erosion and water loss; planning of soil and water conservation; integrated technical measures of SWC; soil and water conservation management; assessment of the soil and water conservation benefits. The research program for SWC should be done in the near future has been also discussed.